MLALV.PA - Alveen S.A.

EBIT (Operating profit)(Operating income)(Operating earning) = GROSS MARGIN (REVENUE - COGS) - OPERATING EXPENSES (R&D, RENT) EBIT = (1*) (2*) -> operating process (leverage -> interest -> EBT -> tax -> net Income) EBITDA = GROSS MARGIN (REVENUE - COGS) - OPERATING EXPENSES (R&D, RENT) + Depreciation + amortization EBITA = (1*) (2*) (3*) (4*) company's CURRENT operating profitability (i.e., how much profit it makes with its present assets and its operations on the products it produces and sells, as well as providing a proxy for cash flow) -> performance of a company (1*) discounting the effects of interest payments from different forms of financing (by ignoring interest payments), (2*) political jurisdictions (by ignoring tax), collections of assets (by ignoring depreciation of assets), and different takeover histories (by ignoring amortization often stemming from goodwill) (3*) collections of assets (by ignoring depreciation of assets) (4*) different takeover histories (by ignoring amortization often stemming from goodwill)